What Are Keloid Scars?

A wound usually leaves a scar following its healing process. A keloid is also a kind of scar. Keloid scars grow too much and usually become larger compared to the original wound. They are characterised by hard nodules with smooth surfaces because of excessive production of a protein called collagen. Keloids may occur spontaneously or follow a skin trauma or surgery. They are generally itchy.

Sometimes, scars can achieve a little lumpy appearance. This process is known as hypertrophy.

How to Treat Dysmenorrhoea?

Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhoea) are curable. Your physician may offer certain medications to relieve your pain. Sometimes, you may need surgery, if medications do not work well. Some home remedies and lifestyle changes also help manage the condition.

Medications

The following medications are considered for women with dysmenorrhoea.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs help relieve pain during your menstruation. Menstrual cramps occur due to a type of chemical substances called prostaglandins, which are secreted by the lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstruation. NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins and lessen the effect.

Dysmenorrhoea: Risk Factors and Diagnosis

Risk factors of menstrual cramps

Some factors can increase the risk of developing dysmenorrhoea (menstrual cramps). Risk factors, which are linked with menstrual cramps, include:

• Cigarette smoking
• Prolonged menstrual blood flow (more than five days)
• Younger the normal age (11 years or younger) at menarche (onset of puberty)
• Age 20 years or less
• Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
• Irregular menstrual periods (metrorrhagia)
• Family history of menstrual cramps
• Never having given birth to a child.

Dysmenorrhoea (Menstrual Cramps)

Dysmenorrhoea is described simply as a pain during menstruation. It is a very common symptom, which is experienced by 45-95 % of females of reproductive age.

Menstrual cramps appear like throbbing, cramping, or dull pains in the lower part of the abdomen. The pain can go to your thighs and the lower back too. Some women with dysmenorrhoea experience loose stools, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and increased sweating.

Menstrual cramps usually begin at the onset of or just before the menstruation and last about eight hours to three days every month. For some females, it is only an irritable feeling. However, some women experience a severe pain, which affects their daily routines for several days each month.

Pre-diabetes: Development in Children

Pre-diabetes is a well-known risk factor for both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also is considered as a disease by itself (1). Five to ten per cent of adults with this disease usually advance to diabetes mellitus. However, children and adolescents, who are with pre-diabetes, can turn back to normal compared to adults.

The rate of pre-diabetes varies according to the definition used, race, and age. Considerable variations in prevalence depend on whether pre-diabetes described by IFG (impaired fasting glucose) or IGT (impaired glucose tolerance). The occurrence of IFG is 13-40 % (2,3,4), while the rate of IGT is 2-5 % in children (5). About 20 % of children have HbA1c levels of 5.7-6.4 % (6). The frequency of pre-diabetes is considerably greater in obese pubertal children, who are with a family history of pre-diabetes.

How Do You Know You Have Pre-diabetes?

Pre-diabetes

Pre-diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance is described by blood-glucose levels, which are raised above the upper normal value, but below the limit (threshold) for diabetes mellitus. It is important to diagnose pre-diabetes early, because it helps assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and stop the progression to diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life.

Exercise and Your Heart Rate

During exercise, working tissues in your body usually need more blood with oxygen and nutrients. Then, your heart enhances its pumping activity by increasing the heart rate and the force of contraction (contractility). It is necessary to raise the heart rate within a certain range (target heart rate/THR) for maximum health benefits. Therefore, you should maintain your heart rate within THR during the workout. Exceeding THR is likely to harm you and your heart. It will put your health at risk.

Angina and Workout

Angina is a symptom of ischaemic heart disease. It is a central chest pain, which is usually described as ‘gripping’, ‘heavy’, or ‘tight’. Anginal pain may go to the arms and/or jaw. It can range from a mild ache to a very severe pain, which provokes fear and increased sweating. Sometimes, it may be associated with shortness of breath.

Usually, angina develops during physical or mental exertion. It disappears by stopping physical exertion or using glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). The main cause of angina is a narrowing of a coronary artery or its branch by fat deposits in the arterial wall (atherosclerosis or plaque build-up). Two coronary arteries and their branches supply blood to the heart muscle (myocardium). Atherosclerosis can partially occlude a coronary artery, causing insufficient blood flow to a particular part of the heart muscle. During an exercise, the heart works hard to pump more blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the working tissues. Therefore, the myocardium needs more oxygen, which is not sufficient in angina.